Marine biosurfactants are surface-active molecules synthesized by microorganisms inhabiting marine and coastal ecosystems. Owing to their amphiphilic nature, they effectively reduce surface and interfacial tension, forming stable emulsions under extreme environmental conditions such as high salinity, temperature, and pressure. In recent years, these biogenic surfactants have attracted significant attention as eco-friendly and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic surfactants. This review highlights recent advances in the discovery, biosynthesis, and functional characterization of marine biosurfactants, emphasizing their physicochemical properties and versatility in environmental applications. Particular focus is given to their roles in oil spill remediation, hydrocarbon degradation, heavy metal removal, enhanced oil recovery, and wastewater treatment. Challenges related to large-scale production, purification, and regulatory approval are discussed, alongside emerging trends in metagenomics, process optimization, and synthetic biology aimed at improving yield and cost-effectiveness, marine biosurfactants represent a promising and sustainable biotechnological resource for addressing global environmental challenges
